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21 个最好的免费开源数据库：
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1. MySQL
The most widely used open source database for Web apps (and many other things) remains MySQL. Support for multiple storage engines, clustering, full-text indexing, and plenty of other professional features have allowed numerous other apps profiled here, from WordPress to Movable Type, to rely on MySQL as their default database. Graphical front ends, such as phpMyAdmin and Adminer, make using the database far less of a chore. And for those seeking escape from the long shadow of Oracle, there's a community fork named MariaDB, maintained by MySQL's original lead developer, Monty Widenius.
2. PostgreSQL
When Oracle acquired MySQL, reduced the development staff, and more or less killed the open source nature of the project, it reopened a market that MySQL had locked down. PostgreSQL has a much nicer set of drivers and supports both standard ANSI-SQL and extended features, in many cases better than MySQL. On the downside, its long legacy has left it multiprocess in the era of multithreaded. The high-availability/clustering features of PostgreSQL require a lot of elbow grease and leave much to be desired. Yet while organizations look for a community developed database, one of the eldest starts to look pretty good. Many cloud providers, such as Heroku, have chosen PostgreSQL as their RDBMS storage option as well.
3. MongoDB
NoSQL? Document database? The first name that comes to mind is MongoDB, due to a dual-edged blade from developer 10gen. On one side, MongoDB has strong venture capital and consequently an extensive marketing strategy. On the other side, it is the only comparatively mature document database in the NoSQL world. Highly scalable horizontally with automated sharding and highly available due to autoreplication, MongoDB offers a very reliable and yet simple solution to modern document database problems. The downsides: Working with stored procedures can be difficult, and performing data manipulation can require writing complex JavaScript code.
4. Hadoop (HBase)
Hadoop is the name brand in big data. It is also the convergence of "clustered storage" systems like Gluster and Ceph with NoSQL. Hadoop is really a collection of projects to solve large and complex data problems. In fact, there are multiple types of databases and query languages built on the overall Hadoop framework. Hadoop's complexity is as legendary as its capability, and its lack of high-availability features has both held it back and created a commercial add-on ecosystem.
The project aims to host very large tables like "billions of rows, millions of columns". It has a REST-ful web service gateway that supports XML, Protobuf, and binary data encoding options.
5. Apache Cassandra
Written in Java, this BigTable-based key-value database is getting more popular by the day. Open source and built to integrate with Hadoop, Cassandra offers the column family solution to developers wanting to move away from the relational database model while working with Hadoop. Focusing mainly on getting in very fast writes and providing high availability, Cassandra has slower reads than some alternatives. It is mostly used for logging purposes and real-time analysis.
Cassandra is a highly scalable second-generation distributed database that is used by giants like Facebook, Digg, Twitter, Cisco more. It aims to provide a consistent, fault-tolerant highly available environment for storing data.
6. Couchbase
While Couchbase was a fork of CouchDB, it has become more of a full-fledged data product and less of a ball of framework than CouchDB. Its transition to a document database will give MongoDB a run for its money. It is multithreaded per node, which can be a major scalability benefit -- especially when hosted on custom or bare-metal hardware. With some nice integration features, including with Hadoop, Couchbase is a great choice for an operational data store.
7. Neo4j
The database for interconnected data, Neo4j provides a reliable Java-based platform for conquering highly interconnected database problems. Available with full ACID transaction compatibility -- rare in a NoSQL database -- Neo4j has a SQL-like query language called Cypher and a scripting language called Gremlin for graph traversals. Best used to accurately and efficiently model highly complex, interconnected networks like network topologies, social networks, and conditional access control problems, it provides indexes on nodes and relationships. Direct path calculations take hundreds of lines of code for a RDBMS but two lines of code for Neo4j.
8. Riak
An open source distributed database written in Erlang and C, Riak treats all nodes equally. No one is a master or a slave. Thus, there is no fear a master will be a single point of failure. However, the masterless, fully distributed model with SNMP monitoring is not available in the open source version. Much simpler than its peers (such as Cassandra), Riak is optimal for places where even seconds of downtime would hurt.
9. Redis
There are many NoSQL databases, but Redis remains close to our heart because it has so many features that some call it a "data structure store." You don't just store numbers and strings -- you can dump in entire hashes, lists, sets, and other complicated structures. Then, to make the deal sweeter, Redis offers replication and persistence.
Redis is an advanced fast key-value database written in C which can be used like memcached, in front of a traditional database, or on its own. It has support for many programming languages used by popular projects like GitHub or Engine Yard. There is also a PHP client named Rediska for managing Redis databases.
10. Firebird
Firebird is a relational database that can run on Linux, Windows various UNIX platforms. It offers high performance and powerful language support for stored procedures and triggers.
11. Memcached
Memcached is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database calls, API calls, or page rendering. It is intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load.
12. Oracle Berkeley DB
It is an embeddable database engine that provides developers with fast, reliable, local persistence with zero administration. Oracle Berkeley DB is a library that links directly into your application enables you to make simple function calls rather than sending messages to a remote server for a better performance.
13. Hypertable
Hypertable is a high performance distributed data storage system designed to support applications requiring maximum performance, scalability, and reliability. It is modeled after Google's BigTable and mostly focuses on large-scale datasets.
14. Keyspace
It is a consistently replicated, fault-tolerant key-value store that works in Windows OS. Keyspace offers high availability by masking server/network failures appearing as a single, highly available service.
15. 4store
4store is a database storage and query engine that holds RDF data. It is written in ANSI C99, designed to run on UNIX-like systems offers a high performance, scalable stable platform.
16. MariaDB
MariaDB is a backward compatible, drop-in replacement branch of the MySQL® Database Server. It includes all major open source storage engines + the Maria storage engine.
17. Drizzle
It is a fork of MySQL that focuses on being a reliable database optimized for Cloud and Net applications.
18. HyperSQL
It is a SQL relational database engine written in Java. HyperSQL offers a small fast database engine which has in-memory and disk-based tables, supports embedded/server modes. Also, it has tools such as a command line SQL tool GUI query apps.
19. MonetDB
MonetDB is a database system for high-performance applications in data mining, OLAP, GIS, XML Query, text multimedia retrieval.
20. Persevere
It is an object storage engine and application server (running on Java/Rhino) that provides storage of dynamic JSON data for rapidly develop data-driven JavaScript-based rich internet applications.
21. eXist-db
eXist-db is built using XML technology. It stores XML data according to the XML data model features efficient, index-based XQuery processing.
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操作系统
鸟哥的Linux私房菜 (简体)
Linux 系统高级编程
The Linux Command Line (中英文版)
Linux 设备驱动 (第三版)
深入分析Linux内核源码
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The Little MongoDB Book
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MySQL索引背后的数据结构及算法原理
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用 Eclipse Europa 进行 Web 开发
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第 3 部分: Ruby Development Toolkit 和 RadRails
使用 JavaServer Faces 构建 Apache Geronimo 应用程序
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第 2 部分: 在 JavaServer Faces 中使用 Tomahawk
第 3 部分: 使用 ajax4jsf 添加 Ajax 功能
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Apache Geronimo 和 Spring 框架
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第 6 部分: Spring MVC：使用 Web 视图技术
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《JavaScript 模式》翻译，此书中文版有售，但是纸质书翻译的还没有这个版本翻译的好
命名函数表达式探秘 (注:原文由为之漫笔翻译，原始地址无法打开，所以此处地址为我博客上的备份)
学用 JavaScript 设计模式 (开源中国)
深入理解JavaScript系列
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jQuery
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Django 最佳实践
The Django Book 中文版
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Dive Into Python 中文版
Bottle 文档中文版 (需翻墙)
Flask 文档中文版
Jinja2 文档中文版
Werkzeug 文档中文版
Flask之旅
Introduction to Tornado 中文翻译
Python自然语言处理中文版 （感谢陈涛同学的翻译，也谢谢 @shwley 联系了作者）
Python 绘图库 matplotlib 官方指南中文翻译
Scrapy 0.25 文档
ThinkPython
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笨方法学 Ruby
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Ruby on Rails 实战圣经
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编写Ruby的C拓展
Ruby 源码解读
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Shell脚本编程30分钟入门
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Go编程基础
Go入门指南
学习Go语言 (PDF)
Go Web 编程 (此书已经出版，希望开发者们去购买，支持作者的创作)
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Network programming with Go 中文翻译版本
Groovy
实战 Groovy 系列
LaTeX
一份其实很短的 LaTeX 入门文档
一份不太简短的 LATEX 2ε 介绍 （PDF版）
LISP
ANSI Common Lisp 中文翻译版
Lua
Lua编程入门
Haskell
Real World Haskell 中文版
R
R语言忍者秘笈
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Scala课堂 (Twitter的Scala中文教程)
Effective Scala(Twitter的Scala最佳实践的中文翻译)
Scala指南
Swift
The Swift Programming Language 中文版
Perl
Modern Perl 中文版
Perl 程序员应该知道的事
Prolog
笨办法学Prolog
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Vimscript
笨方法学Vimscript 中译本
Vim中文文档
读书笔记及其它 读书笔记
编译原理（紫龙书）中文第2版习题答案
把《编程珠玑》读薄
Effective C++读书笔记
Golang 学习笔记、Python 学习笔记、C 学习笔记 (PDF)
Jsoup 学习笔记
学习笔记: Vim、Python、memcached
图灵开放书翻译计划–C++、Python、Java等
蒂姆·奥莱利随笔 （由译言网翻译，电子版免费）
Octave 入门 （PDF版）
SICP 解题集
精彩博客集合
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