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问题描述：
[root@oracle ~]# su - oracle
Last login: Tue Sep 17 23:40:50 CST 2019 on pts/0
[oracle@oracle ~]$sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Sep 2 01:09:18 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn sys /as sysdba
Enter password:
Connected to an idle instance.
解决办法：
1、进入到sqlplus启动实例
[root@oracle ~]# su - oracle --1.确认切换到oracle用户
Last login: Tue Sep 17 23:40:50 CST 2019 on pts/0
[oracle@oracle ~]$ lsnrctl start --2.打开监听
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 02-SEP-2019 01:19:38
Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Starting /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...
TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
System parameter file is /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Log messages written to /u01/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/oracle/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oracle)(PORT=1521)))
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=oracle)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias LISTENER
Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date 02-SEP-2019 01:19:40
Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
Trace Level off
Security ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP OFF
Listener Parameter File /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File /u01/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/oracle/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oracle)(PORT=1521)))
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
The listener supports no services
The command completed successfully
[oracle@oracle ~]$ sqlplus /nolog --登录sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Sep 2 01:23:29 2019
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initoradb.ora'
原来打不开initoradb.ora，于是进入/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/目录
[root@oracle ~]# cd /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/
[root@oracle dbs]# ls
hc_orcl.dat init.ora lkORCL orapworcl spfileorcl.ora
原来是没有initoradb.ora文件。
解决此问题的方法就是到/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/pfile/目录下，将init.ora.818201912514复制到dbs目录下：
[root@oracle app]# cd /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/pfile/
[root@oracle pfile]# ls
init.ora.818201912514
[root@oracle pfile]# cp init.ora.818201912514 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initoradb.ora
cp的目标文件用oracle用户打开可能为空，用chmod命令授权：chmod -R 777 /目标文件
[root@oracle dbs]# chmod -R 777 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initoradb.ora
然后再次用sqlplus连接数据库，
[oracle@oracle ~]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup --启动oracle数据库
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3741319168 bytes
Fixed Size 8627344 bytes
Variable Size 872418160 bytes
Database Buffers 2852126720 bytes
Redo Buffers 8146944 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
数据库启动后，连接数据库
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected.